e-Governance or ‘electronic governance’ is basically the application of Information and Communications Technology to the processes of Government functioning in order to bring about ‘Simple, Moral, Accountable, Responsive and Transparent’ (SMART) governance. This would generally involve the use of ICTs by government agencies for any or all of the following reasons: (a) Exchange of information with citizens, businesses or other government departments (b) Speedier and more efficient delivery of public services (c) Improving internal efficiency (d) Reducing costs / increasing revenue (e) Re-structuring of administrative processes and (f) Improving quality of services. Stages of e-Governance:- The Indian experience demonstrates that the onset of e-Governance proceeded through the following phases:- a) Computerisation :- The use of computers in the government offices began with word processing, quickly followed by data processing. b) Networking :- In this phase, some un...
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The Constituent Assembly – The Debates The elections to the Constituent Assembly were held in July, 1946. Its first meeting took place on December 9, 1946. The long debate on the Objectives Resolution highlighted the fact that a large section of the Constituent Assembly felt the need for a centralized republic with a strong Centre. Nevertheless, it was willing to accept the scheme of a limited Centre and autonomous units with residuary powers, envisaged in the Objectives Resolution, in order to secure the co-operation of the Muslim League in the task of framing the Constitution for a united India. Dr. B.R. Ambedkar was cheered by the House when he declared that so far as he was personally concerned, he would like to have a strong Centre as envisaged in Government of India Act of 1935. He recognized, however, that “these wishes have no bearing on the situation at all.” Federal Structure of the Constitution The Constitution seeks and defines India to be ‘Union of S...
The price of Brent Crude has fallen by more than half—from $115 per barrel in June to around $40 last week—and the financial firm Goldman Sachs predicts it could drop below $20. This decline follows a period of relative stability since 2010. At present, the nominal price is nearing its post-crisis low from March 2009 (Chart 1). This sharp price collapse has sparked debate over the factors driving this steep decline. Oil Price Determination:- The price of oil is influenced by both actual supply and demand as well as market expectations. Energy demand is closely tied to economic activity, with seasonal spikes occurring in the winter across the northern hemisphere and during summers in countries reliant on air conditioning. Supply, on the other hand, can be disrupted by weather conditions that prevent tanker loading and by geopolitical instability. When producers anticipate sustained high prices, they invest in expanding production, which—after a lag—boosts supply. Conversely, prolon...
The regime in Pakistan is not able to support minorities in Pakistan. It is one of the reason, why forcible conversion of Hindu youth and especially Hindu girls and Christians is common in Pakistan. Pakistani Hindus feel discriminated against the government policy but it is more about the apathy of state towards Hindus that they migrate to India. They get Indian pilgrimage visa on the premise of visiting holy places of Hindu religion [1] . These Hindus do not leave India after the expiry of visa rather they say Indian government to give them refugee state. The citizenship for Pakistani Hindus in India is not possible due to bilateral problems because Pakistan might accuse India of involvement in domestic problems. However, various newspaper articles and my interview with Pakistani immigrants posits the fact that they are not also told to leave India and various Hindu groups come for their assistance. Hindu groups make refugee camp for them and also some of Hindu like Nahar Singh, Sup...