The Social Lens: Insights on Institutions, Inequality, and Innovation

The Industrial Revolution in England provided the foundation for the effective development and application of science in the realm of production. This transformation occurred in both harmony and contradiction with various forms of social change and the evolving social roles of labor in European societies. The nature of production began to shift, assigning new roles to individuals within these societies. The dominant economic system of the time, the 'feudal mode of production,' started to decline and was ultimately dismantled with the rise of industrialization. The population's reliance on land-based livelihoods, primarily agriculture, was supplanted by an industrial mode of production. This transformation was not an isolated phenomenon; it was reinforced by other factors that spurred the growth of industrialization and a new 'market' system, which enhanced purchasing power and altered consumption behavior. These early developments in capitalism were primarily influ...

This book was written at the end of the “age of revolution”. European society was witnessing unprecedented success at its disposal as the industrial production reached astronomical figures, cities grown gigantically, the population was more than any epoch, and the scientific achievements were prodigious.  It was the age, when Prof. Wheatstone of London was planning to connect England with France through submarine electric telegraph. The publication of books in England, USA, France and Germany alone reached in five figures. Millions of people for transport used railway line and means of communication were improving at flashing speed. This was the epoch of the romantic idea of progress. I use the word ‘romantic’ to show the perpetual denial of the existence of ugliest, unhappiest, grim and stinking world parallel to the romantic microcosm of technological and social progress. Engle and Marx, in this work, destroyed the veneer of European civilisation to present an idea, where the r...